Window - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound.[1]Modern windows are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material. Windows are held in place by frames.[2] Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement weather.[3] Windows often have a latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut. Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, single- hung and double- hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, hopper windows, tilt and slide windows (often door- sized), tilt and turn windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, jalousie or louvered windows, clerestory windows, skylights, roof windows, roof lanterns, bay windows, oriel windows, thermal, or Diocletian, windows, picture windows, emergency exit windows, stained glass windows, French windows, and double- and triple paned windows. The Romans were the first known to use glass for windows, a technology likely first produced in Roman Egypt, in Alexandria ca. AD. Paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 1.
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Modern- style floor- to- ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plateglass making processes were perfected. Etymology[edit]The English language- word window originates from the Old Norse 'vindauga', from 'vindr – wind' and 'auga – eye', i. In Norwegian. Nynorsk and Icelandic the Old Norse form has survived to this day (in Icelandic only as a less used synonym to gluggi), in Swedish the word vindöga remains as a term for a hole through the roof of a hut, and in the Danish language 'vindue' and Norwegian Bokmål 'vindu', the direct link to 'eye' is lost, just like for 'window'. The Danish (but not the Bokmål) word is pronounced fairly similarly to window.
If you've noticed small cracks or chips in your glass table inserts, glass shelves or window panes, consider these DIY glass crack and glass chip repair tips. How to Fix Hairline Cracks in Car Windows. Questions and Answers. Like windshields, car windows are highly susceptible to nicks, scratches, and hairline cracks.
Window is first recorded in the early 1. Window replaced the Old Englisheagþyrl, which literally means 'eye- hole,' and 'eagduru' 'eye- door'. Many Germanic languages however adopted the Latin word 'fenestra' to describe a window with glass, such as standard. Swedish 'fönster', or German 'Fenster'. The use of window in English is probably because of the Scandinavian influence on the English language by means of loanwords during the Viking Age. In English the word fenester was used as a parallel until the mid- 1. Fenestration is still used to describe the arrangement of windows within a façade, as well as defenestration, meaning to throw something out of a window.
History[edit]. Fragment of a Roman window glass plate dated to 1st to 4th century A. D. Note the obvious curvature, this is not a flat pane.
Alabaster 'mullion' divided decorative windows in Santa Maria La Major church (Morella, Spain). Alabaster window in the Valencia Cathedral. Note the asymmetrical, slanted left side of the wall- frame, which lets sun rays reach the chancel. The earliest windows were just holes in a wall.
Later, windows were covered with animal hide, cloth, or wood. Shutters that could be opened and closed came next. Over time, windows were built that both protected the inhabitants from the elements and transmitted light, using multiple small pieces of translucent material (such as flattened pieces of translucent animal horn, thin slices of marble, or pieces of glass) set in frameworks of wood, iron or lead. In the Far East, paper was used to fill windows.[2] The Romans were the first known to use glass for windows, a technology likely first produced in Roman Egypt. Namely, in Alexandria ca. AD cast glass windows, albeit with poor optical properties, began to appear, but these were small thick productions, little more than blown glass jars (cylindrical shapes) flattened out into sheets with circular striation patterns throughout.
It would be over a millennium before a window glass became transparent enough to see through clearly, as we think of it now. Over the centuries techniques were developed to shear through one side of a blown glass cylinder and produce thinner rectangular window panes from the same amount of glass material. This gave rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated by a vertical support called a mullion. Mullioned glass windows were the windows of choice among European well- to- do, whereas paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 1. Noted science historian, author and television show host/producer James Burke attributes the rapid deforestation of Great Britain in the late 1.
Cast in 1. 54. 7). He writes further this gave rise to coal for fuel, which spurred iron production, requiring more coal, and more iron, then steam engine pumps, canals.. English woodlands, and the switch over to a coal economy. Modern- style floor- to- ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plateglass making processes were perfected.
Modern windows are usually filled with glass, although a few are transparent plastic.[2]Eyebrow[edit]The term eyebrow window is used in two ways: a curved top window in a wall or in an eyebrow dormer; and a row of small windows usually under the front eaves such as the James- Lorah House in Pennsylvania.[6]A window that cannot be opened, whose function is limited to allowing light to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open and close). Clerestory windows are often fixed. Transom windows may be fixed or operable. This type of window is used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible windows without the use of trickle vents or overglass vents. Single- hung sash[edit]One sash is movable (usually the bottom one) and the other fixed. This is the earlier form of sliding sash window, and is also cheaper.[2]Double- hung sash[edit]A sash window is the traditional style of window in the United Kingdom, and many other places that were formerly colonized by the UK, with two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size.
Currently most new double- hung sash windows use spring balances to support the sashes, but traditionally, counterweights held in boxes on either side of the window were used. These were and are attached to the sashes using pulleys of either braided cord or, later, purpose- made chain. Three types of spring balances are called a tape or clock spring balance; channel or block- and- tackle balance; and a spiral or tube balance. Double- hung sash windows were traditionally often fitted with shutters. Sash windows can be fitted with simplex hinges that let the window be locked into hinges on one side, while the rope on the other side is detached—so the window can be opened for fire escape or cleaning.
Horizontal sliding sash[edit]Has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called Yorkshire sash windows, presumably because of their traditional use in that county. Casement[edit]A window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side- hung, top- hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom- hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash.[1] In the USA, these are usually opened using a crank, but in parts of Europe they tend to use projection friction stays and espagnolette locking. Formerly, plain hinges were used with a casement stay. Handing applies to casement windows to determine direction of swing; a casement window may be left- handed, right- handed, or double. The casement window is the dominant type now found in modern buildings in the UK and many other parts of Europe. An awning window is a casement window that is hung horizontally, hinged on top, so that it swings outward like an awning.
Emilie Poisson designed this window.[citation needed]A hopper window is a bottom- pivoting casement window that opens by tilting vertically, typically to the inside.[7] (Mostly used for schools)A window hung on one hinge on each of two opposite sides which allows the window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted) or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window will usually open initially to a restricted position for ventilation and, once released, fully reverse and lock again for safe cleaning from inside. Modern pivot hinges incorporate a friction device to hold the window open against its own weight and may have restriction and reversed locking built in. In the UK, where this type of window is most common, they were extensively installed in high- rise social housing.
Tilt and slide[edit]A window (more usually a door- sized window) where the sash tilts inwards at the top and then slides horizontally behind the fixed pane. Tilt and turn[edit]A tilt and turn window can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side.
This is the most common type of window in Germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe it is usual for these to be of the "turn first" type. With the handle turned to 1. Most usually in the UK the windows will be "tilt first" i. Transom[edit]A window above a door; in an exterior door the transom window is often fixed, in an interior door it can open either by hinges at top or bottom, or rotate on hinges. It provided ventilation before forced air heating and cooling.
A fan- shaped transom is known as a fanlight, especially in the British Isles.